Turkey’s Hybrid Competitive Authoritarian Regime; A Genuine Product of Anatolia’s Middle Class
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6017/lev.v4i2.9161Abstract
Few years since the 9/11 Attacks in New York and following its rise to power, the AKP has gradually established a so-called “competitive authoritarian regime,” in order to consolidate and secure its political power. This regime is hybrid and it is based on liberal principles (absence of tutelary authorities, protection of civil liberties, universal suffrage, free elections etc.). The AKP also provides for a reasonably fair level of political competition between the party in power (government) and the opposition. At the same time, however, the system shows some undemocratic features (violation of civil liberties, unfair elections, and uneven political competition.) This hybrid regime is based on three pillars: the state, the party and a newly emerged middle class in Anatolia. Through this hybrid regime Anatolia’s newly emerged middle class redefines its cultural and socio-economic relations.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 The Levantine Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- Authors are required to agree to the following license terms:
License Agreement
I grant to Boston College the right to include and publish the above-described submission in both the print and online versions of the journal, The Levantine Review. I will retain copyright ownership but hereby grant to Boston College the non-exclusive, world-wide, royalty-free right to use, copy, distribute, and display my submission in any format or medium for any educational, non-commercial purposes, including as part of the online and print journals. Boston College will apply the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License to all works published in The Levantine Review.
These rights include, without limitation, the right to maintain one or more copies of the submission in multiple formats for security, back-up, and preservation purposes, and to allow a third party to hold one or more copies solely for such purposes.
I represent and warrant that the submission is my/our original work, that I have the right to grant the permission in this agreement and that, to the best of my knowledge, the submission will not infringe upon anyone’s intellectual property rights. I represent and warrant and that the work is not libelous, does not violate any right of privacy or contain otherwise unlawful matter. I have obtained all necessary permissions to include in my/our submission any materials created or owned by third parties and any such third party material is clearly identified and acknowledged within the content of the submission. I agree to submit a copy of each such permission to the editors of The Levantine Review upon submission of the finalized version of the work for publication.
If the submission is based upon work that has been sponsored or supported by an organization or agency other than Boston College, I certify that I have fulfilled any right of review or other obligations required by any contract or agreement with such agency or organization.
I agree that others may review the work and that editors of The Levantine Review may edit the work, as they deem necessary after reviewing proposed revisions with me. Boston College will clearly identify my/our name(s) as the author(s) or owner(s) of the submission.
Nothing in this agreement shall be deemed to obligate Boston College to publish the submission.
